Nugroho's blog.: May 2015

Saturday, May 30, 2015

Timer Time: Using Internal ATTiny13A Chip’s Timer, "OVF" Interrupt Mode (slightly modified)


We could speeding the timer by pre-loading TCNT0 with a value between 0 and 255, so TCNT0’ll start count at our own value instead of zero. 

We have to pre-load the TCNT0 at the init subroutine, and pre-load again after flag is set, so we write the command at the timer subroutine. 

So, our code now will look like this 

.include "../tn13Adef.inc"
.def a=r16
.org 0000
    rjmp init
.org 0003
    rjmp timer

init:
    sbi ddrb,0          ; pin b0 output
    ldi a,0b00000101    ; prescaler 1024
    out TCCR0B,a
    ldi a,0b00000010    ; enable OVF
    out TIMSK0,a
    ldi a, 64           ; preload TCNT0
    out TCNT0,a
    sei                 ; enable interrupts globally
    
main:
    rjmp main

timer:
    sbi pinb,0          ; flip pin B0 bit
    ldi a,64            ; preload again 
    out TCNT0,a
    reti

    
    



Timer Time: Using Internal ATTiny13A Chip’s Timer, "OVF" Interrupt Mode


Using interrupt, we have a subroutine that regularly called, automatically.
It called when overflow flag (OVF) is set.

As always, the timer/counter (TCNT0 register) counts up from zero toward 255, called an interrupt and rolls over back to zero and starts counts up again. 

We could set the output at the interrupt subroutine so we eventually have nothing to do at the main program.

main:
rjmp main




If we enabled interrupts, the system looks an  interrupt vector table at the bottom of memory, .org 000; composed of jumps to routines series.

OVF interrupt located at .org 0003

The first interrupt is, of course, power on or reset or initial condition, you named it…

We have to jump to it (using rjmp init) to set initial condition of our system when it connected to power source, or reset-ed. On this program we set pre-scaler to 1024, enabling OVF mode and of course enabling interrupts globally

The interrupt routine itself is only consist of toggle pinb,0 command  


.include "../tn13Adef.inc"
.def a=r16
.org 0000
    rjmp init
.org 0003
    rjmp timer

init:
    sbi ddrb,0          ; pin b0 output
    ldi a,0b00000101    ; prescaler 1024
    out TCCR0B,a
    ldi a,0b00000010    ; enable OVF
    out TIMSK0,a
    sei                 ; enable interrupts globally
    
main:
    rjmp main

timer:
    sbi pinb,0          ; flip pin B0 bit
    reti
    
    

.

Friday, May 29, 2015

Timer Time: Using Internal ATTiny13A Chip’s Timer “CTC” Mode


Clear Timer on Compare (CTC) as its name suggests, will clear the flag if counter has same value with compare value. 
Thus, TCNT0 still count fram zero to 255, but if we set OCR0A on 64, timer will clear the flag at 64, restart counter to zero and count up again.
If we set OCR0A to 255, then it’ll behave like normal timer in 'Normal’ Mode.
If OCR0A value’s lower, then the delay time is faster/shorter.
Here's the code. OCF0A is compare flag, the bit-3 on TIFR0 register.
Notice that we have to set TCCR0A register to enable CTC mode; in Normal mode we don’t have to do that.


.include "../tn13Adef.inc"
.def a=r16
.org 0000

init:
    sbi ddrb,0          ; pin b0 output
    ldi a, 0b01000010   ; CTC mode
    out TCCR0A,a
    ldi a,0b00000101    ; prescaler 1024
    out TCCR0B,a
    ldi a,255           ; compare value (emulating normal mode, set to lower value for shorter d)
    out OCR0A,a
main:
    sbi pinb,0          ; flip the B0 bit
    rcall timer
    rjmp main

timer:
        loop:
    in a,TIFR0          ; wait 
    andi a, 0b00000100  ; (1<<OCF0A) is OCF0A 
    breq loop
    
    ldi a, 0b00000100   ; set OCF0A to 1 again after flagged
    out TIFR0,a
    
    ret
    

    

.

Timer Time: Using Internal ATTiny13A Chip’s Timer “Normal” Mode (Slightly Modified)

Our timer is static, it have to wait TCNT0 to count from 0 to 255 and then start over.

We could modify it so it count from x to 255 to make it count faster

so we need to pre-set/pre-load TCNT0 to some value

ldi a, 200
out TCNT0,a

With that, we could make the delay time faster. Set the TCNT0 to lower value for longer delay



We  need to modify it

.include "../tn13Adef.inc"
.def a=r16
.org 0000

init:
    sbi ddrb,0          ; pin b0 output
    ldi a,0b00000101    ; prescaler 1024
    out TCCR0B,a
    
main:
    sbi pinb,0          ; flip the B0 bit
    rcall timer
    ldi a,200           ; set lower for longer delay
    out TCNT0,a
    rjmp main

timer:
        loop:
    in a,TIFR0          ; wait 
    andi a, 0b00000010  ; (1<<TOV0) is TOV0 still 1 or flagged to 0?
    breq loop
    
    ldi a, 0b00000010   ; set TOV0 to 1 again after flagged
    out TIFR0,a
    
    ret
    

    


    

Timer Time: Using Internal ATTiny13A Chip’s Timer “Normal” Mode


Chip’s Internal Timer in ’Normal' mode will count from 0 to 255, set the overflow flag TOV0 to 0 and count again from 0 to 255, set the flag to 0 and so on. 

As usual, I used LED as output indicator on Port B0

We used 1024 for pre-scaler/divider value. Set the TCCR0B to 0000 0101

Note that we have to reset the overflow flag to 1 after timer count reached 255 (and set the flag to 0). 

Oh, by the way, the register/variable/things that count from 0 to 255 is called TCNT0. We didn’t touch it in the code this time, maybe next. 



.include "../tn13Adef.inc"
.def a=r16
.org 0000

init:
    sbi ddrb,0          ; pin b0 output
    ldi a,0b00000101    ; prescaler 1024
    out TCCR0B,a
    
main:
    sbi pinb,0          ; flip the B0 bit
    rcall timer
    rjmp main

timer:
        loop:
    in a,TIFR0          ; wait 
    andi a, 0b00000010  ; (1<<TOV0) is TOV0 still 1 or flagged to 0?
    breq loop
    
    ldi a, 0b00000010   ; set TOV0 to 1 again after flagged
    out TIFR0,a
    
    ret
    
    


Last login: Thu May 28 11:54:47 on ttys001
Nugrohos-MacBook-Air:~ nugroho$ cd attiny13a/timer/
Nugrohos-MacBook-Air:timer nugroho$ avra -o timerNormal.hex timerNormal.s
AVRA: advanced AVR macro assembler Version 1.3.0 Build 1 (8 May 2010)
Copyright (C) 1998-2010. Check out README file for more info

AVRA is an open source assembler for Atmel AVR microcontroller family
It can be used as a replacement of 'AVRASM32.EXE' the original assembler
shipped with AVR Studio. We do not guarantee full compatibility for avra.

AVRA comes with NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.
You may redistribute copies of avra under the terms
of the GNU General Public License.
For more information about these matters, see the files named COPYING.

Pass 1...
Pass 2...
done

Used memory blocks:
Code : Start = 0x0000, End = 0x000B, Length = 0x000C

Assembly complete with no errors.
Segment usage:
Code : 12 words (24 bytes)
Data : 0 bytes
EEPROM : 0 bytes
Nugrohos-MacBook-Air:timer nugroho$ vavrdisasm timerNormal.s.hex
0: 9a b8 sbi $17, 0
2: e0 05 ldi R16, 0x05
4: bf 03 out $33, R16
6: 9a b0 sbi $16, 0
8: d0 01 rcall .+2 ; 0xc
a: cf fd rjmp .-6 ; 0x6
c: b7 08 in R16, 0x38
e: 70 02 andi R16, 0x02
10: f3 e9 breq .-6 ; 0xc
12: e0 02 ldi R16, 0x02
14: bf 08 out $38, R16
16: 95 08 ret
Nugrohos-MacBook-Air:timer nugroho$
Nugrohos-MacBook-Air:timer nugroho$ avrdude -p t13 -P usb -c usbasp -B4 -n

avrdude: set SCK frequency to 187500 Hz
avrdude: AVR device initialized and ready to accept instructions

Reading | ################################################## | 100% 0.00s

avrdude: Device signature = 0x1e9007

avrdude: safemode: Fuses OK (H:FF, E:FF, L:6A)

avrdude done. Thank you.

Nugrohos-MacBook-Air:timer nugroho$ avrdude -p t13 -P usb -c usbasp -B4 -U flash:w:timerNormal.s.hex

avrdude: set SCK frequency to 187500 Hz
avrdude: AVR device initialized and ready to accept instructions

Reading | ################################################## | 100% 0.00s

avrdude: Device signature = 0x1e9007
avrdude: NOTE: "flash" memory has been specified, an erase cycle will be performed
To disable this feature, specify the -D option.
avrdude: erasing chip
avrdude: set SCK frequency to 187500 Hz
avrdude: reading input file "timerNormal.s.hex"
avrdude: input file timerNormal.s.hex auto detected as Intel Hex
avrdude: writing flash (24 bytes):

Writing | ################################################## | 100% 0.02s

avrdude: 24 bytes of flash written
avrdude: verifying flash memory against timerNormal.s.hex:
avrdude: load data flash data from input file timerNormal.s.hex:
avrdude: input file timerNormal.s.hex auto detected as Intel Hex
avrdude: input file timerNormal.s.hex contains 24 bytes
avrdude: reading on-chip flash data:

Reading | ################################################## | 100% 0.01s

avrdude: verifying ...
avrdude: 24 bytes of flash verified

avrdude: safemode: Fuses OK (H:FF, E:FF, L:6A)

avrdude done. Thank you.

Nugrohos-MacBook-Air:timer nugroho$

.

Pencerahan


Kadang datang secara tak disangka.
 
Tak hanya pencerahan relijius seperti Sakti dari Sheila on 7 yang tiba-tiba 'terbangun' saat baca buku "Menjemput Sakaratul Maut ...." di bandara dan majalah Mati Suri di rumah sakit. Kini dia bernama Salman Al Jugjawy.
 
Saya mengalami pencerahan secara musikal, beberapa kali.
 
Saya termasuk telat belajar alat musik. Memiliki gitar di akhir kelas satu SMP. Awalnya belajar lagu standart Koes Plus, Iwan Fals. Dangdut populer, belajar karena ikut ekstrakurikuler band musik, manggung di tempat-tempat yang menginginkan lagu dangdut. Tembang kenangan malam-malam di radio.

Saat SMU saya "Naik tingkat". Boomerang, Jamrud, Padi, Dewa19, Sheila On 7, Slank dan musik-musik populer di radio jadi sasaran.

Lagi,di akhir SMU mengenal underground music. Pernah sampai diusir yang punya "studio" karena "gak niat", "ngrusak drum", "bikin sakit kuping", "liriknya gak bisa didengarkan", "bahasa apa itu?". Cuma lagu Derek yang easy listening, yang kedua adalah Bendera Kuning (kayak gitu easy listening? Yup, dibanding yang lain, ;) )

Sound gitar suka yang berdistorsi full, masuk akal memang. Efek gitar lebih suka semacam Metal Zone. Semakin djent djent djent semakin keren. Sangat anti dengan efek Overdrive . Tone harus se-treble mungkin. Dan sering frustrasi karena tidak dapat distorsi seperti di fantasi. Paling sulit meniru Eros, ada distorsi tapi nada individual tetap terdengar.

Dan pencerahan itu datang.

Pertama saat mendapatkan buku usang saat liburan ke rumah mbah, tigapuluh kilometer di balik gunung. Buku peninggalan bulik yang meninggal pas masih kuliah seni di kampus yang sama denganku. 

(aku ingin memiliki sense seni seperti dia, tapi, dari level keanehan, aku belum sepuluh persennya dari dia, blum berani naik motor, kaki kiri tak paki apapun, pake bakiak di kaki kanan tok, untuk menstarter pakai kaki biar gak sakit, :) )

Kuhabiskan Gitar Tunggal saat libur sebulan, baca dan praktek. Dan mendapatkan hal-hal tak terduga.

Gitar tak harus digenjreng. Bahkan pemain klasik hampir selalu menggunakan petikan not demi not.


Belajar harmoni nada yang tanpa sengaja ku bawa ke aliran musik lain, apapun yang sedang kusenangi.

Spanish scale, yang bisa dibawa ke mana-mana, yang bikin melodi gitarku bernuansa NeoKlasik seperti Yngwie atau Rhandy Rhoads.

Banyak hal lain, seperti cara membaca tablature dan disiplin ketukan, panjang not dan dinamik, tapi itu hal-hal yang tak kelihatan.


Berikutnya adalah seri It's Easy to Bluff

Pertama memiliki buku Jazz, kemudian merembet ke Blues, Metal dan terakhir Rock (dapat dari Papang, di gramedia sudah habis, dan sampai sekarang tidak ada stock baru)

Banyak hal yang mengubah secara drastis permainan gitar sama wawasan musik, namun tidak menggeser efek dari Gitar Tunggal, lebih seperti melengkapi. Gitar tunggal untuk akustik, It's Easy to Bluff untuk gitar Elektrik

Senar pertama tak harus bunyi, dan ternyata memang memetik CMaj9 tanpa senar nomor satu itu keren sekali suaranya


Tak harus bunyi sepanjang lagu, sudah sering kulakukan sejak smu, hasil didikan P Sis saat ikut ekstra kurikuler musik di SMP dan jadi bassis selama dua tahun manggung ikut beliau. P Sis sebagai gitaris melodi dan pemimpin band paling ahli memainkan dinamika musik yang bagi kami saat itu tidak menyenangkan. Temanku, gitaris rhythm sering protes, karena suara gitarnya jadi tak kedengaran, namun secara keseluruhan suara jadi sangat merata, dan menonjol pada waktunya, saat solo, atau saat coda.

Treble tak harus penuh, jazzer suka sound empuk dan hangat. Strat dan gitar lain dengan single coil pickup akan terlalu "kemrempyang" jika treble ampli disetel penuh. yaling aman, bass treble middle(kalau ada) di set diangka 12, geser maju mundur di sekitar itu

Distorsi tak harus full, jika gain atau dist diset maksimal, suara akord akan hilang, tentu saja itu tak masalah untuk permainan melodi nada tunggal. Paling aman gain atau distorsi di set di angka 7 atau bawahnya.

Tak semua fals itu tak enak. Saya menyukai akord D7#9, gabungan D7 mayor dan minor, mengandung nada D F F# A C.  Lihat, seharusnya F dan F# yang bunyi bersamaan menyebabkan disonansi, atau super fals. Tapi jika kita pakai akord ini di waktu yang tepat, efeknya akan keren sekali.

Mencegah mati gaya secara musikal. Jika diajak manggung dan tak tahu lagunya, anggap itu memakai nada dasar G, Jika lagunya ternyata menggunaka C atau D, maka masih bisa selamat. Jika lagunya menggunakan nada dasar E, maka kita secara otomatis akan terdengar nge-blues. Jika pakai nada dasar F maka kita akan terdengar seperti Steve Vai, dengan Lydian mode. Jika lagunya memakai A maka kita Seperti Joe Satriani dengan mode Dorian. Akan sial jika lagunya ternyata menggunakan G#, :) . 

Jangan paksa mainkan rhythm dengan nada yang berbunyi di lagu yang kita tidak tahu kuncinya, gunakan palm mute.


Dari buku-buku itu secara tak sengaja menemukan aplikasinya di lagu
Bertahan di sana (Shelia On 7). Contoh dissonant keren di dua nada terakhir solo-nya Eros
Persembahan dari Surga (Dewa 19). Dissonant di reff
Roman Picisan (Dewa 19). Tidak terlalu mencolok, tapi ada dissonant bagus di ref dan saat tepat sebelum hening di sela bait-bait sebelum ref

Jadilah permainan gitarku berjenis jazz-blues-bossa-rock-akustik-latin dengan sedikit harmoni klasik.

(Catatan: bukan berarti permainan gitar saya bagus :P )

[Kutulis setengah duabelas malam saat Alfa nyenyak tertidur]



Nugroho

http://aravir-rose.blogspot.com

Thursday, May 28, 2015

And Finally the Breathing LED is Here, :)


Jonathan Ive style, Old Macbook Pro sleep indicator LED.

Using interrupt, fast PWM on ATTiny13A.





.include "../tn13Adef.INC" 
.def a = r16
.def b = r17
.def c = r18
.def d = r19
.org $0000              ; startup vector
    rjmp onReset
.org $0006              ; compare match vector
    rjmp Tim0CompA
onReset:
    ldi a, 1
    out OCR0A,a
    ldi b, 1
    ldi c, 0
    ldi d, 255
    
    sbi DDRB,0          ; port B0 as output
    
    ldi a, 0b10000011   ; pwm mode 3
    out TCCR0A, a
    
    ldi a, 0b00000011   ; divider 01/no 10/8 11/64 100/256 101/1024
    out TCCR0B,a
    
    ldi a, 0b0000100    ; enable compare interupt
    out TIMSK0,a
    
    sei

main:
    rjmp main
    
Tim0CompA:
    in a, OCR0A
    rjmp incdec
        switch:
    out OCR0A,a
    reti

incdec:
    sbrs b,0
    rjmp deca
    inc a
        back:
    cp a,c
    breq oneB
    cp a,d
    breq zeroB
        bBack:
    rjmp switch
    
    
deca:
    dec a
    rjmp back
    
oneB:
    ldi b,1
    rjmp bBack
zeroB:
    ldi b,0

    rjmp bBack
.

Flip the Bit


Maybe it's just me, but I recently realized that we have a handy feature on ATTiny13A for flip the value of the bit.


so instead of

sbic PINB,0
cbi PINB,0
sbi PINB,0

we could just use

sbi PINB,0


Saving some clocks, :)



Wednesday, May 27, 2015

Blinking LED using Interrupt on ATTiny13A

Here's the template


.include "../tn13Adef.INC" 
.def a=r16
.org $0000              ; startup vector
    rjmp onReset
.org $0006              ; compare match vector
    rjmp Tim0CompA
onReset:
    sbi DDRB,0          ; port B0 as output
    
    ldi a, 0b10000011   ; pwm mode 3
    out TCCR0A, a
    
    ldi a, 0b00000101   ; divider /1024
    out TCCR0B,a
    
    ldi a, 0b0000100    ; enable compare interrupt
    out TIMSK0,a
    
    sei
main:
    rjmp main
        
Tim0CompA:
    in a, OCR0A
    inc a
    out OCR0A,a

    reti



.



if we set divider to 8

    ldi a, 0b000000010   ; divider /8
    out TCCR0B,a

and edit the timer routine to

Tim0CompA:
    in a, OCR0A
    dec a
    out OCR0A,a

    reti


we'll get smoother PWM respond 



with prescaler 64



prescaler 256



with prescaler 64 and increasing OCR0A

Oscillating LED Blink Delay on ATTiny13A

Based on my ADC with PWM output program.

The expected result is the old school MacbookPro unibody sleep indicator LED;  Sir Jonathan Ive style, :)

The code below resulted on slow to fast to slow to fast... blinking LED




;based on ADC 
.include "../tn13Adef.INC"
.def zero=r19
.def max=r20
.org $0000
init:
ldi r17,0
ldi r18,1 ;increment/decrement check
ldi zero,0
ldi max,255
sbi DDRB,0
;ldi R16,0b10000011
;out TCCR0A,R16 ;fast pwm
main:
cpse r18,zero
rjmp increment
rjmp decrement
back:
cp r17,zero
breq switchUp

cp r17,max
breq switchDown

switch:
rcall delay
sbi PINB,0
rjmp main

increment:
inc r17
rjmp back

decrement:
dec r17
rjmp back

switchUp:
ldi r18,1
rjmp switch

switchDown:
ldi r18,0
rjmp switch

delay:
mov r16,r17
loopDelay:
rcall pause
dec r16
brne loopDelay
ret

pause:
ldi r21,127
lpause:
dec r21
brne lpause
ret




Save it as timer2.s, build it using avra

Nugrohos-MacBook-Air:timer nugroho$ avra -o timer2.hex timer2.s 
AVRA: advanced AVR macro assembler Version 1.3.0 Build 1 (8 May 2010)
Copyright (C) 1998-2010. Check out README file for more info

AVRA is an open source assembler for Atmel AVR microcontroller family
It can be used as a replacement of 'AVRASM32.EXE' the original assembler
shipped with AVR Studio. We do not guarantee full compatibility for avra.

AVRA comes with NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.
You may redistribute copies of avra under the terms
of the GNU General Public License.
For more information about these matters, see the files named COPYING.

Pass 1...
Pass 2...
done

Used memory blocks:
Code : Start = 0x0000, End = 0x0019, Length = 0x001A

Assembly complete with no errors.
Segment usage:
Code : 26 words (52 bytes)
Data : 0 bytes
EEPROM : 0 bytes
Nugrohos-MacBook-Air:timer nugroho$ avra -o timer2.hex timer2.s
AVRA: advanced AVR macro assembler Version 1.3.0 Build 1 (8 May 2010)
Copyright (C) 1998-2010. Check out README file for more info

AVRA is an open source assembler for Atmel AVR microcontroller family
It can be used as a replacement of 'AVRASM32.EXE' the original assembler
shipped with AVR Studio. We do not guarantee full compatibility for avra.

AVRA comes with NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.
You may redistribute copies of avra under the terms
of the GNU General Public License.
For more information about these matters, see the files named COPYING.

Pass 1...
Pass 2...
done

Used memory blocks:
Code : Start = 0x0000, End = 0x0019, Length = 0x001A

Assembly complete with no errors.
Segment usage:
Code : 26 words (52 bytes)
Data : 0 bytes
EEPROM : 0 bytes
Nugrohos-MacBook-Air:timer nugroho$ vavrdisasm timer2.s.hex
0: e0 10 ldi R17, 0x00
2: e0 21 ldi R18, 0x01
4: e0 30 ldi R19, 0x00
6: ef 4f ser R20
8: 13 23 cpse R18, R19
a: c0 08 rjmp .+16 ; 0x1c
c: c0 09 rjmp .+18 ; 0x20
e: 17 13 cp R17, R19
10: f0 49 breq .+18 ; 0x24
12: 17 14 cp R17, R20
14: f0 49 breq .+18 ; 0x28
16: d0 0a rcall .+20 ; 0x2c
18: 9a b0 sbi $16, 0
1a: cf f6 rjmp .-20 ; 0x8
1c: 95 13 inc R17
1e: cf f7 rjmp .-18 ; 0xe
20: 95 1a dec R17
22: cf f5 rjmp .-22 ; 0xe
24: e0 21 ldi R18, 0x01
26: cf f7 rjmp .-18 ; 0x16
28: e0 20 ldi R18, 0x00
2a: cf f5 rjmp .-22 ; 0x16
2c: 2f 01 mov R16, R17
2e: 95 0a dec R16
30: f7 f1 brne .-4 ; 0x2e
32: 95 08 ret
Nugrohos-MacBook-Air:timer nugroho$


upload using avrdude

Nugrohos-MacBook-Air:timer nugroho$ avrdude -p t13 -P usb -c usbasp -B4 -n

avrdude: set SCK frequency to 187500 Hz
avrdude: AVR device initialized and ready to accept instructions

Reading | ################################################## | 100% 0.00s

avrdude: Device signature = 0x1e9007

avrdude: safemode: Fuses OK (H:FF, E:FF, L:6A)

avrdude done. Thank you.

Nugrohos-MacBook-Air:timer nugroho$ avrdude -p t13 -P usb -c usbasp -B4 -U flash:w:timer2.s.hex

avrdude: set SCK frequency to 187500 Hz
avrdude: AVR device initialized and ready to accept instructions

Reading | ################################################## | 100% 0.00s

avrdude: Device signature = 0x1e9007
avrdude: NOTE: "flash" memory has been specified, an erase cycle will be performed
To disable this feature, specify the -D option.
avrdude: erasing chip
avrdude: set SCK frequency to 187500 Hz
avrdude: reading input file "timer2.s.hex"
avrdude: input file timer2.s.hex auto detected as Intel Hex
avrdude: writing flash (52 bytes):

Writing | ################################################## | 100% 0.04s

avrdude: 52 bytes of flash written
avrdude: verifying flash memory against timer2.s.hex:
avrdude: load data flash data from input file timer2.s.hex:
avrdude: input file timer2.s.hex auto detected as Intel Hex
avrdude: input file timer2.s.hex contains 52 bytes
avrdude: reading on-chip flash data:

Reading | ################################################## | 100% 0.02s

avrdude: verifying ...
avrdude: 52 bytes of flash verified

avrdude: safemode: Fuses OK (H:FF, E:FF, L:6A)

avrdude done. Thank you.

Nugrohos-MacBook-Air:timer nugroho$

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 .

Tuesday, May 26, 2015

Gendhing dan Perkusi


P Rosyid menulis tentang langgam beberapa waktu lalu.   
Dan saya juga ingin menulis. Memang lain, ini tentang gendhing jawa. Betapa dulu ketika masih aktif nge-band sering kesulitan menirukan lagu-lagu jawa tertentu. Bukan lagu-lagu semacam Gambang Semarang atau langgam atau Bossanova Jawa; itu relatif mudah. 

Lagu-lagu yang memiliki gaya klasik. Lingsir Wengi, Kusumaning Ati,...

Dalam beberapa hal, musik jawa memang lain dibanding dengan musik “standar” saat ini.

Di musik selain jawa. Alat-alat musik ritmis/perkusi digunakan untuk menjaga irama, menghitung ketukan, menandai birama. Entah itu drum, bongo, ketipung, tambourine atau gendang. Mereka memiliki beat tertentu.


Seperti gendang di lagu-lagu melayu, bongo/conga di lagu-lagu latin semacam sway atau volare. Juga drum di lagu-lagu…eh, banyak lagu, :)

Di musik jawa, di gendhing-gendhing yang mengiringi tembang semacan Dhandhanggula, Durma, Maskumambang, Pucung, atau beberapa gendhing yang agak modern (semacam Ela-Elo ciptaan Menik Sunyahni), alat musik yang seharusnya untuk ritmis malah seakan tidak punya ritme.

Gendhang di musik jawa tidak digunakan untuk menandai ketukan. Dia disebut sebagai pamurba (di buku kembang setaman) entah apa itu maksudnya :), satu hal yang pasti, kita tidak mengikuti irama gendhang saat mendengarkan tembang. Tabuhan gendhang juga berbeda untuk tiap musisi, walau musiknya sama. 

Dan penabuh gendhang biasanya adalah primadona. Lain dengan pemain saron atau bonang atau gong. Di musik jawa, merekalah yang menjaga ritme. Mereka memiliki irama konstan dari awal hingga akhir lagu.

Jika gitaris atau pianis merupakan primadona di suatu band, penabuh gendhang merupakan bintang di sebuah grup karawitan, :)

(foto dari https://tukanggamelan.files.wordpress.com/2013/10/gamelanrex11.jpg)



Timer on ATTiny13A using Interrupt


 It started with this

.include "../tn13Adef.inc" 
.org 0000 
rjmp reset 
.org 0003 
rjmp timer

reset:
sbi ddrb,0           
ldi r16,0b00000101    
out tccr0b,r16
ldi r16,0b00000010    
out timsk0,r16
sei

loop:
ldi r16,(1<<SE)
out mcucr,r16
sleep
rjmp loop

timer:
sbi   pinb,0       

reti




Nugrohos-MacBook-Air:timer nugroho$ avra -o timer.hex timer.s 
AVRA: advanced AVR macro assembler Version 1.3.0 Build 1 (8 May 2010)
Copyright (C) 1998-2010. Check out README file for more info

AVRA is an open source assembler for Atmel AVR microcontroller family
It can be used as a replacement of 'AVRASM32.EXE' the original assembler
shipped with AVR Studio. We do not guarantee full compatibility for avra.

AVRA comes with NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.
You may redistribute copies of avra under the terms
of the GNU General Public License.
For more information about these matters, see the files named COPYING.

Pass 1...
Pass 2...
done

Used memory blocks:
Code : Start = 0x0000, End = 0x0000, Length = 0x0001
Code : Start = 0x0003, End = 0x000F, Length = 0x000D

Assembly complete with no errors.
Segment usage:
Code : 14 words (28 bytes)
Data : 0 bytes
EEPROM : 0 bytes
Nugrohos-MacBook-Air:timer nugroho$ vavrdisasm timer.s.hex
0: c0 03 rjmp .+6 ; 0x8
6: c0 0a rjmp .+20 ; 0x1c
8: 9a b8 sbi $17, 0
a: e0 05 ldi R16, 0x05
c: bf 03 out $33, R16
e: e0 02 ldi R16, 0x02
10: bf 09 out $39, R16
12: 94 78 sei
14: e2 00 ldi R16, 0x20
16: bf 05 out $35, R16
18: 95 88 sleep
1a: cf fc rjmp .-8 ; 0x14
1c: 9a b0 sbi $16, 0
1e: 95 18 reti
Nugrohos-MacBook-Air:timer nugroho$

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Monday, May 25, 2015

ATTiny13A Arduino

ATTiny is ... well, tiny. Not very suitable to programed it on arduino. Nevertheless, I decided to do it.



Create ‘hardware’ folder in Arduino sketch folder, unzip the file.
Download the Smeezekitty core, http://sourceforge.net/projects/ard-core13/files/latest/download

Unzip it, copy the files, paste in …/hardware/attiny/avr/variants/core13/ (if folder didn’t exist, create it)
edit the boards.txt files at
…/hardware/attiny/avr/boards.txt
boards.txt
menu.cpu=Processor
menu.clock=Clock
attiny.name=ATtiny
attiny.bootloader.tool=arduino:avrdude
attiny.bootloader.unlock_bits=0xff
attiny.bootloader.lock_bits=0xff
attiny.build.core=arduino:arduino
attiny.build.board=attiny
attiny.upload.tool=arduino:avrdude
#attiny.upload.tool=usbasp

#################################################
attiny.menu.cpu.attiny13=ATtiny13
attiny.menu.cpu.attiny13.upload.maximum_size=1024
attiny.menu.cpu.attiny13.build.mcu=attiny13
attiny.menu.cpu.attiny13.build.variant=core13

attiny.menu.clock.internal96=9.6MHz (internal)
attiny.menu.clock.internal96.bootloader.low_fuses=0x7A
attiny.menu.clock.internal96.bootloader.high_fuses=0xff
attiny.menu.clock.internal96.build.f_cpu=9600000L

################################################

attiny.menu.clock.internal48=4.8MHz (internal)
attiny.menu.clock.internal48.bootloader.low_fuses=0x79
attiny.menu.clock.internal48.bootloader.high_fuses=0xff
attiny.menu.clock.internal48.build.f_cpu=4800000L
################################################


avrdude give the error because my downloader need -B4 option (I installed new bootloader, flash it, remove auto sck, so the avrdude warning gone)

In order to be able to upload it to ATTiny13A, we have to edit the file.

Macintosh HD/Applications/Arduino/Contents/Java/Hardware/arduino/avr/programmers.txt

edit it


usbasp.name=USBasp
usbasp.communication=usb
usbasp.protocol=usbasp
usbasp.program.protocol=usbasp
usbasp.program.tool=avrdude
usbasp.program.extra_params=-Pusb -B4


start arduino IDE

it give firewall warning

so 

undo the edit or reinstall the arduino

create programmers.txt in the same folder with  boards.txt


usbasp.name=USBaspN
usbasp.communication=usb
usbasp.protocol=usbasp
usbasp.program.protocol=usbasp
usbasp.program.tool=avrdude
usbasp.program.extra_params=-Pusb -B4


we use USBaspN 


Blink without delay,  


const int ledPin =  1;      // the number of the LED pin
int ledState = LOW; // ledState used to set the LED
unsigned long previousMillis = 0; // will store last time LED was updated
const long interval = 1000; // interval at which to blink (milliseconds)
void setup() {
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);
}

void loop()
{
unsigned long currentMillis = millis();
if(currentMillis - previousMillis >= interval) {
previousMillis = currentMillis;
if (ledState == LOW)
ledState = HIGH;
else
ledState = LOW;
digitalWrite(ledPin, ledState);
}
}


For some reason, the delay on LED seem longer than 1 s (but it worked).  Maybe it’s the same reason the blink example (with delay.) didn’t work



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